L.A.Gorshkov
landing apparatus with the a takeoff rocket, is deduced for one launch. Use of approximately 20 carriers of a heavy class ("Proton", "Angara") is less convenient. At the same time, as noted by L.A.Gorshkov in his speech, it does not go that for realization of the project it is necessary to renew production of "Energia If the decision on development of a heavy rocket will be accepted, this will not be "Energia" and not Saturn 5.
The martian complex consists of a solar tug of mass 210-250 t with a stock of working propellant about 160 t, habitable module of 80 t and landing apparatuse with mass about 60 t. The composition of the latter includes a takeoff rocket with mass about 25 t. The habitable module includes a radiation refuge with cabins for crew members, life-support and a factory for manufacture of food, command post and the equipment for control popetom, the solar battery drive, and airlock.
So. Mr. L.A.Gorshkov
presented the project of the manned Martian expedition of
RSC "Energia", based on the experience of more
than 30 years research by the "royal" firm.
Certain information about previous projects of
1960,1969,1986 and 1989 is given in the fundamental
history of "Energia" (RSC "Energia"
in the name of S.P.Koroleva, 1996, pp.279-281). The
project is the initiative development which has not been
authorized at level PKA. "However, - Leonid
Alekseevich said in conversation with the personal
computer correspondent, - if Russia will make the ship,
then it will make RSC "Energia", like no
other... We for ourselves have accepted this decision and
we shall move... All the same, for ten years earlier, for
ten years later, but man will depart on the Mayor."
Assembling in near Earth orbit is the initial point of practically any project of Martian expedition, and the shape of the complex is determined by means for fulfilling of basic dynamic operations - acceleration and exit onto an exit trajectory to Mars, landing on Mars and start from Mars, transition to a flight trajectory to the Earth and landing on the Earth, division of the martian complex into the landing device to debark to the planet, the habitat module and the engine installation is obvious.
Selection from the possible versions of construction of the complex was made upon consideration of the following basic criteria: crew safety,
According to the degree of their influence on the shape of the ship and the entire program are most essential the solutions about the selection of the engine installation, which ensures interplanetary flight, carrier for delivery of components of the complex to NEO orbit and the mission scenario. After accepting them, it is possible to examine such questions as the number of crew, configuration of the landing ship, etc.
As L.A.Gorwkov said, class DU for the interplanetary flight was, in essence, chosen even in the 1960's - this electroreactive DU (ERDU). Use of DU with ZRD (liquid propellant rocket engine) by the force of their low specific impulse draws an increase in the initial mass of the complex, yes even reliability leaves ZRD to wish the best. Nuclear rocket engine is less effective than ERD, and little acceptable from the political point of view.
As the energy source for ERDU in the project RSC "Energia", since 1989, it is examined not a nuclear reactor, but solar batteries. Use of solar gas-turbine units is not excluded.
With the use of ERDU the necessary initial mass of the complex turns out about 400 tons. The best version of the carrier would be use of a LV of class "Energia" - for assembling of the complex it is necessary only for five launches of this carrier and four joinings, and such a complex object as the Martian
